排湾族的萨满仪式工具

  泛灵论与台湾原住民的仪式习俗   Animism and Ritual Practices Among the Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan

台湾原住民族的精神传统深植于泛灵论──一种认为无形众灵影响自然与人类的世界观。这个信仰体系涵盖神祇、祖灵、亡灵及其他超自然力量。

Shaman from the Paiwan tribe holding a divination pot , picture from 1930
1930 年排湾族萨满手持占卜罐,照片

在这些传统信仰中,萨满与通灵是核心。许多族群中,有些人被视为人与灵界之间的中介,即萨满。他们被相信能接收灵界讯息、执行治疗仪式并解读预兆。排湾文化(与北方鲁凯、东岸卑南、布农、卑拉族相似)中,萨满可为男性或女性。

仪式与庆典构筑了原住民族社会生活,标志收获、季节变换、狩猎成果与战争胜利──反映一种深受文化、生计与领域冲突塑造的生活方式。因此,仪式与庆典在收获、季节变化、狩猎成就与战争胜利等重大事件中扮演关键角色。

台湾每一个族群皆有其独特仪式结构与文化规范。原住民的宗教器物极为稀少且难以保存。二战后,随着现代文明兴起与耶稣会传教士介入,许多神圣器物被弃置、隐藏、销毁或转化。与日常生活物件不同,它们难以幸存于战后文化动荡中。本展中将带您一窥排湾族萨满使用的部分宗教器具。

分灵箱 Divination Boxes

Shaman box from Paiwan tribe -Taiwan . Fully carved and paint in red .
排湾族的萨满箱子

这些占卜箱多出现在 20 世纪初;在此之前,族人使用鹿腹皮袋或藤编箱。制法为整块木料中凿空成方盒,前侧以雕刻图案装饰。艺术价值在于雕工;上口覆以麻绳网,固定于藤制小环以便绑绳。这些箱体由男性雕刻、女性编网。有些卑南族使用木雕盖代替网罩。箱内置小刀、槟榔、猪皮象征整只动物、相思树叶与玻璃珠。

占卜小刀 Divination Knifes

Divination knifes from Paiwan tribes
排湾族的占卜刀

占卜小刀为分灵箱不可或缺之物,仪式中运用。不同刀型有特殊用途,如切槟榔、切肉、雕刻木料等。

供桌  The Offering Tray

Offering tray from Paiwan tribe
排湾族的供奉托盘

祭祀器皿,如供桌,在博物馆与部落文物市场极为罕见;由于其神圣性,长久以来不为外人所见。更重要的是,外来宗教(基督教与天主教)迅速传入,许多仪式器物被弃用、弃置或销毁。

在排湾族中主要供品器皿为带把长方木盘。萨满治疗仪式时,野猪或鹿肉置于其上。此木盘于重大节庆与社群仪式中同样使用。

贵族排湾家的神圣锅  Sacred pots of Paiwan noble families

Sacred pot hermaphrodite type with snake patterns from the Paiwan tribe- South Taiwan
排湾族的神圣陶锅,雌雄同体类型

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在排湾文化中,神圣陶锅具有深刻的精神与象征意义。它们通常被安置在贵族住宅的石板墙壁上凿出的壁龛中(见下方照片)。这些陶锅被视为排湾族“三大神圣祖传圣物”之一,另外两件分别是玻璃珠与神圣小刀。

根据口述传统,排湾族起源于蛇与陶锅之间的一次神圣结合——这两种元素象征生命、守护与延续。只有贵族家庭才拥有这些神圣容器,它们被当作祖传圣物,世代相传。陶锅从不用于日常,而专用于最重要的仪式,例如祭祀祖灵、治疗仪式与五年一度的盛大马鲁布克祭典(Maruvuk)。

部分陶锅被永久封闭,据信内部寄宿着祖灵或守护神力;另一些则被供奉在家中神坛上,或作为殉葬物埋于祖坟中,显示其在家庭与仪式中的神圣角色。

由于其精神地位崇高,这些器物极少示人。随着外来宗教传入及传统信仰式微,许多陶锅被隐藏、破坏或遗失。如今仍能留存下来的陶锅极为稀有,备受尊敬,凝聚着排湾族的物质文化与精神信仰。

排湾族的神圣陶锅也蕴含丰富的象征意义。根据其雕刻纹饰,陶锅可分为阳性、阴性或雌雄同体三种类型。虽然学术研究对此分类已有深入探讨,但简化来看,装饰有小圆纹的锅被视为阴性,有百步蛇图案的锅属阳性,同时拥有两者者则为雌雄同体。

陶锅把手或边缘常见的断裂痕迹是刻意为之。当儿女成婚离家时,父母会折下锅的一部分交给他们,象征着与祖屋之间的精神联系将持续不断。

神圣的占卜壶 Shaman sacred pot

paiwan tribe Shaman sacred pot
排湾族萨满的神圣陶壶

 

排湾族萨满使用的占卜壶通常体积较小,便于在仪式中携带。它们往往具有圆形底部,使其无法直立——这是一个刻意的设计,强调其神圣属性而非实用功能。

萨满利用这些神圣器皿来召唤神灵,因为排湾人相信壶是神灵居住的容器。在仪式中,它成为人与神之间沟通的灵性媒介。

祈祷板(邀神牌)The prayer tablet

Prayer tablet from paiwan tribe to invite the God to descend to the earth on the five year festival .
排湾族邀神牌

这块祈祷板的用途是在五年祭的第一天黎明时,由部落首领手持,在大武山呼唤至高神明降临人间,仪式才能正式开始。这是一件与研究排湾族原始宗教密切相关的重要艺术品。圆形木板上雕刻着原始风格的百步蛇图案。通过这件祭祀器物,我们也能看出排湾族信仰与百步蛇之间的深厚联系。

铜刀 Bronze knife

bronze-Sacred knife handle - Paiwan tribe - Taiwan
神圣铜柄小刀 – 排湾族 – 台湾

 

真正的铜刀极为稀有,据信可追溯至唐朝或宋朝,可能源自越南北部——但这一点尚未有定论。这类刀通常分为两种:一种由贵族家族持有,另一种用于萨满的宗教仪式。它们也象征着阳刚力量与权威地位。

目前已知与这类铜刀相关的刀柄类型大约有十种。相比之下,铁制刀刃被认为不那么重要,因为它们容易生锈,需定期更换。

 

* “排湾”一词在此有时作为一个通用标签,用于指代三个非常相似的部族:排湾族、鲁凯族和卑南族。

我们的收藏展览

本次展览呈现我们收藏中的 18 件精选文物,目前均可供出售。

Ritual scepter of a shaman from the Pingpu tribes- Taiwan
占卜器具

平埔族巫师的仪式权杖

Sacred pot hermaphrodite type with snake patterns from the Paiwan tribe- South Taiwan
陶器

排湾族的神圣陶壶

Sacred pot female type with two handles from the Rukai tribe
陶器

鲁凯族神圣陶壶

Rare and massive 19th-century Paiwan tribe shamanic ancestor panel, carved with a thick relief depicting a shaman with an oversized head crowned with multiple human faces — symbolizing his responsibility over the tribe’s spiritual and physical well-being.
祖灵板

巫师祖灵板 – 排湾族

Small ancient mortar from the Paiwan tribe, richly carved around its circumference with a chain of crouching Paiwan figures.

排湾族的臼

Paiwan tribe archaic ritual cup of a shaman carved with a standing hunter at the front, sacred snakes , deer on the lid and a hunter with his dog hunting a wilde animal
占卜器具

排湾族萨满的古老仪式用杯

Small knife from the Paiwan tribe with a carved wooden handle. This sheath less knife was mainly used for skinning hunted animals.
占卜器具

排湾族的巫师刀

Set of three shamanic knifes from the Paiwan tribe, intended for sacred rituals. Painted in red and carved with a human head surmounted by additional heads, it reflects the typical style of Paiwan shamans and healers, who are in charge of the tribe’s physical and spiritual well-being. These shamanic knifes were used to cut herbs, beetle nuts, little animals and each one have a precise function.
占卜器具

排湾族占卜用刀三件组

Ancient shaman box from the Paiwan tribe, stained red, with a sliding lid carved with snakes face. One side is carved with two tattooed hands, while the other features a sun, a pot, and two snakes — depicting the myth of the Paiwan people's origin from the union of a pot and a snake. The sides are inlaid with circular shell ornaments.
占卜器具

卑南族占卜箱

Paiwan tribe ancient shaman box in wood carved with two designs mirrored of three human head set up on a two heads snake .
占卜器具

排湾族占卜盒

Paiwan tribe shaman box carved with a human head Wearing a two-headed snake as a headdress and other one on his neck. The edge of the shaman's box is studded with upholstery nails.
占卜器具

排湾族占卜盒

Paiwan tribe shaman box features a sliding lid, carved with human heads and painted in red, yellow, white, and black. Standing figure is carved on the other sides.
占卜器具

排湾族占卜器具盒

Shaman box from Paiwan tribe -Taiwan . Fully carved and paint in red .
占卜器具

排湾族萨满用的占卜器具盒

Small shamanic knife from the Paiwan tribe, intended for sacred rituals. Painted in red and carved with a human head surmounted by additional heads, it reflects the typical style of Paiwan shamans and healers, who are in charge of the tribe’s physical and spiritual well-being.
占卜器具

排湾族占卜刀

bronze-Sacred knife handle - Paiwan tribe - Taiwan
占卜器具

神圣的刀柄 — 排湾族

Old shaman’s box – Puyuma tribe – inlaid with mother-of-pearl in triangular patterns, reflecting the distinctive style of the Puyuma tribes. The box is also decorated with embedded old coins.
占卜器具

卑南族萨满盒

Paiwan tribe Shaman box with a sliding lid topped with carved faces, painted with red pigments, featuring full-length figures and the sacred snake, and decorated with mother-of-pearl.
占卜器具

排湾族萨满盒

Shaman Bamboo case from the Paiwan tribe carved with geometrics patterns and tint with red pigments.
占卜器具

排湾族萨满竹盒