排灣族的薩滿儀式工具

泛靈論與臺灣原住民的儀式習俗 Animism and Ritual Practices Among Taiwan’s Indigenous Peoples

臺灣原住民族的精神傳統深植於泛靈論──一種認為無形眾靈影響自然與人類的世界觀。這信仰體系涵蓋神祇、祖靈、亡靈及其他超自然力量。

Shaman from the Paiwan tribe holding a divination pot , picture from 1930
1930 年排灣族薩滿手持占卜罐,照片

在這些傳統信仰中,薩滿與通靈是核心。許多族群中,有些人被視為人與靈界之間的中介,即薩滿。他們被相信能接收靈界訊息、執行治療儀式並解讀預兆。排灣文化(與北方魯凱、東岸卑南、布農、卑拉族相似)中,薩滿可為男性或女性。

儀式與慶典構築了原住民族社會生活,標誌收穫、季節變換、狩獵成果與戰爭勝利──反映一種深受文化、生計與領域衝突塑造的生活方式。因此,儀式與慶典在收穫、季節變化、狩獵成就與戰爭勝利等重大事件中扮演關鍵角色。

臺灣每一族群皆有其獨特儀式結構與文化規範。原住民的宗教器物極為稀少且難以保存。二戰後,隨著現代文明興起與耶穌會傳教士介入,許多神聖器物被棄置、隱藏、銷毀或轉化。與日常生活物件不同,它們難以倖存於戰後文化動盪中。本展中將帶您一窺排灣族薩滿使用的部分宗教器具。

分靈箱 The divination Box

Shaman box from Paiwan tribe -Taiwan . Fully carved and paint in red .
排灣族的薩滿箱子

這些占卜箱多出現於 20 世紀初;在此之前,族人使用鹿腹皮袋或藤編箱。制法為整塊木料中鑿空成方盒,前側以雕刻圖案裝飾。藝術價值在於雕工;上口覆以麻繩網,固定於藤制小環以便綁繩。這些箱體由男性雕刻、女性編網。有些卑南族使用木雕蓋代替網罩。箱內置小刀、檳榔、豬皮象徵整隻動物、相思樹葉與玻璃珠。

Divination Knives 占卜小刀

Divination knifes from Paiwan tribes
排灣族的占卜刀

占卜小刀為分靈箱不可或缺之物,儀式中運用。不同刀型有特殊用途,如切檳榔、切肉、雕刻木料等。

供桌 The offering Tray

Offering tray from Paiwan tribe
排灣族的供奉托盤

祭祀器皿,如供桌,在博物館與部落文物市場極為罕見;由於其神聖性,長久以來不為外人所見。更重要的是,外來宗教(基督教與天主教)迅速傳入,許多儀式器物被棄用、棄置或銷毀。

在排灣族中主要供品器皿為帶把長方木盤。薩滿治療儀式時,野豬或鹿肉置於其上。此木盤於重大節慶與社群儀式中同樣使用。

The ancient Pots 祖靈鍋

貴族排灣家的神聖鍋  Sacred Pots of Noble Paiwan Families

Sacred pot hermaphrodite type with snake patterns from the Paiwan tribe- South Taiwan
排灣族的神聖陶鍋,雌雄同體類型

排灣文化中,祖靈鍋具深厚精神意涵,常置於貴族家中石板牆開凿的壁龕內,為「排灣族三大聖物」之一(另兩為玻璃珠與神聖小刀)。
口傳中,排灣人的起源來自蛇與鍋的神聖結合,象徵生命、守護與延續。此類鍋僅貴族所有,是世代傳承的神聖遺物。它們不被使用於日常生活,而於重要儀式中使用,包括祖靈供奉、療癒儀式與五年一度的馬魯布克大祭。
有些神聖鍋永久封存,內含祖靈或守護力量;另一些放於家中祖靈壇上或陪葬,彰顯其在家庭與儀式中的神聖角色。
因其精神意涵,此類器物極少示人。隨著外來宗教入侵與傳統沒落,許多鍋被隱藏、毀壞或遺失。今日存世個案極為珍貴,蘊含排灣族物質與精神傳統。

依雕刻紋飾,鍋可分為陽性、陰性或雌雄同體類型。簡化而言,可依圓形小紋判定陰性,蛇紋為陽性,兩者兼具則為雌雄同體。手把或邊沿可見之刻意折斷處象徵婚後兒女離家,父母折下鍋片贈與孩子,以象徵精神連結的延續。

神聖的占卜壺 The sacred pot for Shaman use

paiwan tribe Shaman sacred pot
排湾族萨满的神圣陶壶

排灣族薩滿的神聖陶壺

排灣族薩滿使用的占卜壺通常體積較小,便於在儀式中攜帶。它們往往具有圓形底部,使其無法直立——這是一個刻意的設計,強調其神聖屬性而非實用功能。

薩滿利用這些神聖器皿來召喚神靈,因為排灣人相信壺是神靈居住的容器。在儀式中,它成為人與神之間溝通的靈性媒介。

The prayer Tablet  祈祷板

Prayer tablet from paiwan tribe to invite the God to descend to the earth on the five year festival .
排灣族邀神牌

此圆形木板用于五年祭的第一日黎明,由部落首领手持,于大武山呼唤至高神灵降世,方可正式开启祭典。此祈祷板雕有百步蛇纹,是研究排湾原始信仰的重要艺术品,也反映排湾人与百步蛇之间的深厚信仰关联。

 

銅柄小刀 Bronze Knife

bronze-Sacred knife handle - Paiwan tribe - Taiwan
排灣族‧臺灣‧銅柄神聖小刀

 

真品銅刀極其罕見,据信可追溯至唐宋時期,或源自北越,但仍有爭議。此類刀分為貴族用與薩滿儀式用兩種,也象徵男性力量與權威。

已知與此柄相關者約十餘種。由於鐵刃易鏽,多已替換,因此重點在銅柄之象徵價值。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

註:本文中「Paiwan」有時泛指三個相似族群:排灣、魯凱、卑南。

展覽介紹    The Exhibition of Our Collection

本展出自館藏精選 15 件目前可供出售文物。

Ritual scepter of a shaman from the Pingpu tribes- Taiwan
占卜器具

平埔族巫師的儀式權杖

Sacred pot hermaphrodite type with snake patterns from the Paiwan tribe- South Taiwan
陶器

排灣族的神聖陶壺

Sacred pot female type with two handles from the Rukai tribe
陶器

魯凱族神聖陶壺

Rare and massive 19th-century Paiwan tribe shamanic ancestor panel, carved with a thick relief depicting a shaman with an oversized head crowned with multiple human faces — symbolizing his responsibility over the tribe’s spiritual and physical well-being.
祖靈板

巫師祖靈板 – 排灣族

Small ancient mortar from the Paiwan tribe, richly carved around its circumference with a chain of crouching Paiwan figures.

排灣族的臼

Paiwan tribe archaic ritual cup of a shaman carved with a standing hunter at the front, sacred snakes , deer on the lid and a hunter with his dog hunting a wilde animal
占卜器具

排灣族薩滿的古老儀式用杯

Small knife from the Paiwan tribe with a carved wooden handle. This sheath less knife was mainly used for skinning hunted animals.
占卜器具

排湾族的巫师刀

Set of three shamanic knifes from the Paiwan tribe, intended for sacred rituals. Painted in red and carved with a human head surmounted by additional heads, it reflects the typical style of Paiwan shamans and healers, who are in charge of the tribe’s physical and spiritual well-being. These shamanic knifes were used to cut herbs, beetle nuts, little animals and each one have a precise function.
占卜器具

排灣族占卜用刀三件組

Ancient shaman box from the Paiwan tribe, stained red, with a sliding lid carved with snakes face. One side is carved with two tattooed hands, while the other features a sun, a pot, and two snakes — depicting the myth of the Paiwan people's origin from the union of a pot and a snake. The sides are inlaid with circular shell ornaments.
占卜器具

卑南族占卜箱

Paiwan tribe ancient shaman box in wood carved with two designs mirrored of three human head set up on a two heads snake .
占卜器具

排灣族占卜盒

Paiwan tribe shaman box carved with a human head Wearing a two-headed snake as a headdress and other one on his neck. The edge of the shaman's box is studded with upholstery nails.
占卜器具

排灣族占卜器具箱

Paiwan tribe shaman box features a sliding lid, carved with human heads and painted in red, yellow, white, and black. Standing figure is carved on the other sides.
占卜器具

排灣族占卜器具盒

Shaman box from Paiwan tribe -Taiwan . Fully carved and paint in red .
占卜器具

排灣族薩滿用的占卜器具盒

Small shamanic knife from the Paiwan tribe, intended for sacred rituals. Painted in red and carved with a human head surmounted by additional heads, it reflects the typical style of Paiwan shamans and healers, who are in charge of the tribe’s physical and spiritual well-being.
占卜器具

排湾族占卜刀

bronze-Sacred knife handle - Paiwan tribe - Taiwan
占卜器具

神聖的刀柄 — 排灣族

Old shaman’s box – Puyuma tribe – inlaid with mother-of-pearl in triangular patterns, reflecting the distinctive style of the Puyuma tribes. The box is also decorated with embedded old coins.
占卜器具

卑南族薩滿盒

Paiwan tribe Shaman box with a sliding lid topped with carved faces, painted with red pigments, featuring full-length figures and the sacred snake, and decorated with mother-of-pearl.
占卜器具

排灣族薩滿盒

Shaman Bamboo case from the Paiwan tribe carved with geometrics patterns and tint with red pigments.
占卜器具

排灣族薩滿竹盒